Impact of Schedule Banking Industries in Bangladesh: An Evidence of Rural and Urban Areas

The main objective of this study that the category wise performance of scheduled banking industries operating in Bangladesh. To test the trend of deposits and advances in scheduled banks for rural and urban areas. The present study is diagnostic and exploratory in nature and makes use of secondary data. The relevant data and information are collected from the Central Bank of Bangladesh. The study is confined only to the specific areas like Banks Deposits, Banks Advances and Interest Rate. Linear regression analysis was applied to detect the presence of trends. A paired t-test was used to compare performance of the scheduled banks. Linear regression analysis result is the significant improvement in the contribution of overall deposits and advances (rural & urban area) of scheduled banks in Bangladesh are witnessed over the period of study in terms of the growth of deposits and advances. A paired t–test result the significantly difference of the paired of scheduled banks. The private banking industries is more reliable performance among the other scheduled banking in Bangladesh Finally, outcomes are interpreted in this framework and suggestion that contribution management of scheduled banks deposits and advances in Bangladesh has significantly enhanced with the rural and urban area which has been commenced by the Government of Bangladesh. Keywords: Deposits, Advances, ANOVA, Simple Regression Analysis and Scheduled Banks

The burden of cancer and its distribution and consequences for australia: evidence from health economic evaluation and advanced statistical modelling

Cancer is expected to rank as the most significant global public health problem and a leading cause of death and illness in the world in the 21st century. The burden of cancer is rapidly increasing globally, including Australia. The responses to this growing burden of cancer have been limited owing to a poor understanding of the long-term burden of cancer and its consequences. The overarching aim of this thesis is to investigate the burden of cancer on patients, households, as well as on society over time. This thesis also aims to generate evidence for health policymakers, who make nationwide cancer control and management decisions on cancer prevention (e.g., cancer vaccination) and cancer treatment programs. This thesis has examined the burden of cancer using a geographical lens, including regional, rural, and remote areas in Australia. To accomplish this aim, five empirical studies for assessing the impact of the cancer burden in terms of longterm cancer outcomes (an incidence-based approach); health status burden, chronic comorbid conditions, productivity-related work disability (mixedlongitudinal approach); and the economics of cancer vaccination (economic evaluation) have been conducted. This thesis is constructed using three main themes of study including ‘understanding the challenges of cancer outcomes’, ‘the long-term cancer burden (i.e., health status burden, chronic comorbid conditions, productivity-related work disability, and its consequences)’, and ‘evaluation of cancer vaccination’ in the context of Australia. These inter-related studies result in a thesis by publication. These studies are constructed based on a quantitative approach, using health economic evaluation and advanced statistical modelling. The thesis is based on six articles, national health data sets are utilised for the first article, three of them (Articles 2 to 4) being mixed-longitudinal nature survey-data driven from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey, and two of them (Articles 5 and 6) based on national and international contexts and published data sources related to cancer and health economics modelling. The findings of this thesis have been theorised inductively, which means the analytical exploration has been data-grounded, rather than theory-dictated. In this thesis, every finding is underpinned by a suitable theoretical framework. Three inductively generated theories are adopted: social conflict theory, stress-coping theory, and portfolio theory perspectives. The thesis revealed that all of these factors (e.g., cancer incidence, hospitalisation, cancer-related mortality, and burden of cancer) increased significantly over the period. Furthermore, survival inequality was most pronounced for cervix, prostate, melanoma, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, and breast cancers. Additionally, socioeconomically disadvantaged people were more likely to bear an increasing cancer burden in terms of incidence, mortality, and death. The findings of the thesis showed that approximately 36% of cancer patients had an initial high health status burden in 2013, which had declined significantly to 21% by 2017. Adequate levels of sleep, physical activity, social support, and higher economic status were significantly associated with improving health status. This thesis revealed that 61% of cancer patients experienced at least one chronic condition over the period, and 21% of patients experienced three or more chronic conditions. An inadequate level of physical activity, patients who suffered from extreme health burden or moderate health burden, and patients living in the poorest households were significantly associated with a higher risk of chronic comorbid conditions. This research also found that approximately 50% of cancer patients had experienced with long-term productivity-related work disability, 18% of patients had experienced extreme work disability, which was more pronounced with the magnitude of their health status burden. Finally, cancer prevention program (cancer vaccination) demonstrated ‘good value for money’, if the adopted vaccination strategies could accomplish a high vaccination coverage and provide protection. With a continued assessment of the potential vaccine properties as well as vaccine delivery and scale-up strategies, the two-dose 9vHPV vaccine would provide significant health and economic benefits for preadolescents and society. This thesis provides a better understanding of the challenges of cancer outcomes and long-term consequences on health status burden, chronic comorbid conditions, and productivity-related work disability, and has provided an evaluation of cancer vaccination for preventing cancer-related infections, along with contributing to the ongoing debate of cancer research. The findings are also significant for health care providers, including physical therapists and oncologists, who must manage the unique problems that challenge this population and who should advocate for prevention and evidence-based interventions that incorporate comprehensive social supports. The findings of this thesis will contribute to the decision-making process regarding the prevention of cancer illness, better outline the management of a sequelae course of treatment for cancer survivors, both of which aim to reduce the long-term burden in Australia

Emerging cancer incidence, mortality, hospitalisation and associated burden among Australian cancer patients, 1982 - 2014: an incidence-based approach in terms of trends, determinants and inequality

Objective Cancer is a leading killer worldwide, including Australia. Cancer diagnosis leads to a substantial burden on the individual, their family and society. The main aim of this study is to understand the trends, determinants and inequalities associated with cancer incidence, hospitalisation, mortality and its burden over the period 1982 to 2014 in Australia. Settings The study was conducted in Australia. Study design An incidence-based study design was used. Methods Data came from the publicly accessible Australian Institute of Health and Welfare database. This contained 2 784 148 registered cancer cases over the study period for all types of cancer. Erreygers' concentration index was used to examine the magnitude of socioeconomic inequality with regards to cancer outcomes. Furthermore, a generalised linear model was constructed to identify the influential factors on the overall burden of cancer. Results The results showed that cancer incidence (annual average percentage change, AAPC=1.33%), hospitalisation (AAPC=1.27%), cancer-related mortality (AAPC=0.76%) and burden of cancer (AAPC=0.84%) all increased significantly over the period. The same-day (AAPC=1.35%) and overnight (AAPC=1.19%) hospitalisation rates also showed an increasing trend. Further, the ratio (least-most advantaged economic resources ratio, LMR of mortality (M) and LMR of incidence (I)) was especially high for cervix (M/I=1.802), prostate (M/I=1.514), melanoma (M/I=1.325), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (M/I=1.325) and breast (M/I=1.318), suggesting that survival inequality was most pronounced for these cancers. Socioeconomically disadvantaged people were more likely to bear an increasing cancer burden in terms of incidence, mortality and death. Conclusions Significant differences in the burden of cancer persist across socioeconomic strata in Australia. Policymakers should therefore introduce appropriate cancer policies to provide universal cancer care, which could reduce this burden by ensuring curable and preventive cancer care services are made available to all people

The changing relationship between health burden and work disability of Australian cancer survivors, 2003–2017: Evidence from a longitudinal survey

Background The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the cancer health burden and the magnitude of work disability on cancer survivors in Australia from 2003 to 2017. Methods A longitudinal prospective study design was undertaken among cancer patients using data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey. The longitudinal effect was captured using a fixed effect multinomial logistic regression model, which predicted changes in the relationship between cancer burden and work disability level controlling for socio-demographic, lifestyle and life conditions predictors. Results The prevalence of long-term disability among cancer survivors was 50%, with 18% of patients experiencing extreme work disability. The magnitude of disability levels increased significantly with the level of health burden. Cancer survivors who faced a severe health burden were at 5.32 times significantly higher risk of having work disability compared with patients who had no health burden. Other potential predictors, such as older patients (relative risk ratio, RRR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.57, 5.87), those engaged in lower levels of physical activities (RRR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.07, 3.40), those who drink alcohol (RRR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.49), and poor socioeconomic status (RRR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.16, 2.23) were all significantly associated with extreme work disability. Conclusion A substantial proportion of cancer survivors experienced work disability which was more pronounced with the magnitude of the cancer health burden. The different dimensions of disability might be prevented by introducing cancer survivor-specific evidence-based interventions, and incorporating comprehensive social support. Recommendations to improve public health policy aimed at reducing population-level unhealthy lifestyle behaviours include: using these findings to better outline the management of a sequelae course of treatment for cancer survivors; and identifying those who should undergo more intensive physical rehabilitation aimed at reducing their work disability level

Cooperative societies : a sustainable platform for promoting universal health coverage in Bangladesh

Achieving Universal Health Coverage is among the core objectives of the health Sustainable Development Goals, and making healthcare affordable to everyone is fundamental to achieving Universal Health Coverage. ▸ Cooperative societies are autonomous groups of persons who voluntarily cooperate for their common economic interest, based on the values of self-help, self-responsibility, democracy and equality, equity and solidarity. ▸ There are 190 360 cooperatives in Bangladesh, and the total individual enrolees are 10 333 310 (with about 160 million people covered when spouses or dependents of enrolees are taken into account). Given this large pool, cooperative societies could be a platform to engage a large number of people regarding healthcare financing. ▸ Cooperative societies act as a risk management strategy for members, working on the basic principle of risk pooling during illness. This risk pooling mechanism can mitigate the consequences of dependence on out of pocket payments to finance healthcare, thereby facilitating the move towards Universal Health Coverage

Distribution and predictors associated with the use of breast cancer screening services among women in 14 low-resource countries

Abstract Background: Breast cancer is one of the leading public health problem globally, especially in low-resource countries (LRCs). Breast cancer screening (BCS) services are an effective strategy for early determining of breast cancer. Hence, it is imperative to understand the utilisation of BCS services and their correlated predictors in LRCs. This study aims to determine the distribution of predictors that significantly influence the utilisation of BCS services among women in LRCs

The effectiveness of introducing Group Prenatal Care (GPC) in selected health facilities in a district of Bangladesh: study protocol.

Background Despite high rates of antenatal care and relatively good access to health facilities, maternal and neonatal mortality remain high in Bangladesh. There is an immediate need for implementation of evidence-based, cost-effective interventions to improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes. The aim of the study is to assess the effect of the intervention namely Group Prenatal Care (GPC) on utilization of standard number of antenatal care, post natal care including skilled birth attendance and institutional deliveries instead of usual care. Methods The study is quasi-experimental in design. We aim to recruit 576 pregnant women (288 interventions and 288 comparisons) less than 20 weeks of gestational age. The intervention will be delivered over around 6 months. The outcome measure is the difference in maternal service coverage including ANC and PNC coverage, skilled birth attendance and institutional deliveries between the intervention and comparison group. Discussion Findings from the research will contribute to improve maternal and newborn outcome in our existing health system. Findings of the research can be used for planning a new strategy and improving the health outcome for Bangladeshi women. Finally addressing the maternal health goal, this study is able to contribute to strengthening health system

Prevalence and health care–seeking behavior for childhood diarrheal disease in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, the burden of diarrheal diseases is significant among children <5 years old. The objective of this study is to capture the prevalence of and health care–seeking behavior for childhood diarrheal diseases (CDDs) and to identify the factors associated with CDDs at a population level in Bangladesh. We use a logistic regression approach to model careseeking based on individual characteristics. The overall diarrhea prevalence among children <5 years old was found to be 5.71%. Some factors found to significantly influence the health care–seeking pattern were age and sex of the children, nutritional score, age and education of mothers, wealth index, and access to electronic media. The health care service could be improved through working in partnership with public facilities, private health care practitioners, and community-based organizations, so that all strata of the population get equitable access in cases of childhood diarrhoea

Changes in inequality of childhood morbidity in Bangladesh 1993-2014: a decomposition analysis

Introduction: Child health remains an important public health concern at the global level, with preventable diseases such as diarrheal disease, acute respiratory infection (ARI) and fever posing a large public health burden in low- and middle-income countries including Bangladesh. Improvements in socio-economic conditions have tended to benefit advantaged groups in societies, which has resulted in widespread inequalities in health outcomes. This study examined how socioeconomic inequality is associated with childhood morbidity in Bangladesh, and identified the factors affecting three illnesses: diarrhea, ARI and fever. Materials and methods: A total of 43,860 sample observations from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, spanning a 22-year period (1993–2014), were analysed. Concentration curve and concentration index methods were used to evaluate changes in the degree of household wealth-related inequalities and related trends in childhood morbidity. Regression-based decomposition analyses were used to attribute the inequality disparities to individual determinants for the three selected causes of childhood morbidity. Results: The overall magnitude of inequality in relation to childhood morbidity has been declining slowly over the 22-year period. The magnitude of socio-economic inequality as a cause of childhood morbidity varied during the period. Decomposition analyses attributed the inequalities to poor maternal education attainment, inadequate pre-delivery care, adverse chronic undernutrition status and low immunisation coverage. Conclusions: High rates of childhood morbidity were observed, although these have declined over time. Socio-economic inequality is strongly associated with childhood morbidity. Socio-economically disadvantaged communities need to be assisted and interventions should emphasise improvements of, and easier access to, health care services. These will be key to improving the health status of children in Bangladesh and should reduce economic inequality through improved health over time

Wealth stratified inequalities in service utilisation of breast cancer screening across the geographical regions: A pooled decomposition analysis

Background Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer among women in low-resourced countries. Reduction of its impacts is achievable with regular screening and early detection. The main aim of the study was to examine the role of wealth stratified inequality in the utilisation breast cancer screening (BCS) services and identified potential factors contribute to the observed inequalities. Methods A population-based cross-sectional multi-country analysis was used to study the utilisation of BCS services. Regression-based decomposition analyses were applied to examine the magnitude of the impact of inequalities on the utilisation of BCS services and to identify potential factors contributing to these outcomes. Observations from 140,974 women aged greater than or equal to 40 years were used in the analysis from 14 low-resource countries from the latest available national-level Demographic and Health Surveys (2008–09 to 2016). Results The population-weighted mean utilisation of BCS services was low at 15.41% (95% CI: 15.22, 15.60), varying from 80.82% in European countries to 25.26% in South American countries, 16.95% in North American countries, 15.06% in Asia and 13.84% in African countries. Women with higher socioeconomic status (SES) had higher utilisation of BCS services (15%) than those with lower SES (9%). A high degree of inequality in accessing and the use of BCS services existed in all study countries across geographical areas. Older women, access to limited mass media communication, being insured, rurality and low wealth score were found to be significantly associated with lower utilisation of BCS services. Together they explained approximately 60% in the total inequality in utilisation of BCS services. Conclusions The level of wealth relates to the inequality in accessing BCS amongst reproductive women in these 14 low-resource countries. The findings may assist policymakers to develop risk-pooling financial mechanisms and design strategies to increase community awareness of BCS services. These strategies may contribute to reducing inequalities associated with achieving higher rates of the utilisation of BCS services